The difference between using 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' depends on two simple factors: distance (is the object near or far?) and number (is the object singular or plural?). In short, 'this' (singular) and 'these' (plural) are used for things close to the speaker, while 'that' (singular) and 'those' (plural) are for things farther away.
Mastering these four words, known as demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives, is a fundamental step toward speaking English with more confidence and clarity. They help you point out specific people or objects without confusion. Let's break down the rules with clear examples so you can start using them correctly today.
Understanding the Core Difference Between 'This', 'That', 'These', and 'Those'
The easiest way to remember the rules is to ask yourself two questions:
- How many items am I talking about? (One, or more than one?)
- Where are the items in relation to me? (Close by, or at a distance?)
Here’s a simple breakdown:
- This: Use for one item that is near you.
- That: Use for one item that is far from you.
- These: Use for more than one item that is near you.
- Those: Use for more than one item that is far from you.
Think of 'this' and 'these' for things you can easily touch. Think of 'that' and 'those' for things you would have to point to.
When Should You Use 'This' and 'These'?
'This' and 'these' are your go-to words for anything that is physically or conceptually close to you.
H3: Using 'This' for Singular, Nearby Objects
Use 'this' when referring to a single person, place, or thing that is close by. It can be something you are holding, touching, or standing next to.
- Examples:
- "This is my favorite coffee mug."
- "I am enjoying this book immensely."
- "Is this seat taken?"
'This' is also used to introduce people: "Mom, this is my friend, Alex."
H3: Using 'These' for Plural, Nearby Objects
When you have two or more items close to you, switch from 'this' to 'these'.
- Examples:
- "These cookies taste amazing."
- "Whose keys are these on the table?"
- "I bought these shoes yesterday."
When Is It Correct to Use 'That' and 'Those'?
'That' and 'those' create a sense of distance, whether it's physical, in time, or in conversation.
H3: Using 'That' for Singular, Distant Objects
Use 'that' to point out a single item that is not near you. You might need to point or look across the room to identify it.
- Examples:
- "Can you see that bird on the telephone wire?"
- "That car across the street is the one I want to buy."
- "What is that building over there?"
'That' is also used to refer to something someone just said: "A trip to Spain? That sounds wonderful!"
H3: Using 'Those' for Plural, Distant Objects
When pointing out multiple items at a distance, 'those' is the correct word.
- Examples:
- "Those mountains are beautiful at sunset."
- "I think those are my friends waiting by the cinema."
- "Do you remember those days we spent at the beach?" (referring to a time in the past).
Applying the Difference Between 'This', 'That', 'These', and 'Those' as Adjectives
These four words don't just replace nouns (as pronouns); they can also describe them (as adjectives). When used this way, they come directly before the noun. The rules of number and distance remain exactly the same.
- This book is fascinating. (Singular, near)
- That house is for sale. (Singular, far)
- These apples are sweet. (Plural, near)
- Those students look lost. (Plural, far)
Conclusion: Your Path to Perfect Usage
Ultimately, mastering the difference between using 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' boils down to remembering the two key concepts: number and distance. By consistently asking yourself if the object is singular or plural, near or far, you will quickly build the habit of choosing the right word every time. Practice pointing out objects around you and describing them using these essential English grammar tools.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: Can I use 'this' to introduce people on the phone?
Yes, absolutely. It's very common to say, "Hi, this is Sarah," when you are introducing yourself on the phone. In this context, 'this' refers to yourself, the speaker.
Q2: What's the difference between 'this is' and 'these are'?
The difference is simply singular versus plural. You use "this is" when talking about one nearby thing (e.g., "This is my pen."). You use "these are" when talking about more than one nearby thing (e.g., "These are my pens.").
Q3: How do I know if something is 'near' or 'far' in English?
'Near' generally means within arm's reach or in your immediate vicinity. If you can touch it without moving, it's almost always 'this' or 'these'. 'Far' is everything else—across the room, outside the window, or in the distance. The context is flexible, but it's about the speaker's perspective.
Q4: Are 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' always pronouns?
No. They can be either demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative adjectives. They are pronouns when they stand alone and replace a noun (e.g., "I want this."). They are adjectives when they modify a noun that comes directly after them (e.g., "I want this apple.").
Q5: Can you give an example of using 'that' to refer to something someone said?
Certainly. If a friend says, "We should go for a hike on Saturday," you could reply, "That's a great idea!" Here, 'that' refers to the idea of hiking on Saturday. It's a common and very useful way to use the word in conversation.