The simple difference between 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' is based on two concepts: distance (near or far) and number (singular or plural). 'This' and 'these' refer to things that are close to you, while 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away.
Are you learning English and find yourself pausing before using the words 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those'? You're not alone! These common words, known as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives, can be tricky. But once you understand their simple, two-part logic, you'll use them with confidence every time. This guide will break down the exact difference between this, that, these, and those with clear rules and practical examples.
What's the Core Difference Between 'This', 'That', 'These', and 'Those'?
To master these pointing words, you only need to ask yourself two questions:
- Is the object near me or far from me? (Distance)
- Am I talking about one object or multiple objects? (Number)
Here’s how they break down:
- This: Use for a single (singular) item that is near you.
- That: Use for a single (singular) item that is far from you.
- These: Use for multiple (plural) items that are near you.
- Those: Use for multiple (plural) items that are far from you.
Think of it like this: if you can touch it or it's within arm's reach, you'll likely use 'this' or 'these'. If you have to point at it across the room or down the street, you'll use 'that' or 'those'.
When Do I Use 'This' and 'That'? (Singular Demonstratives)
Both 'this' and 'that' are used when you are referring to just one person, place, or thing. The only difference between them is distance.
How to Use 'This' (Singular & Near)
Use 'this' to identify a specific singular noun that is close to you. This can mean physically close, or close in time (like right now).
- Physical examples:
- "I am reading this book right now." (You are holding the book.)
- "Is this your jacket on the chair?"
- Introducing people:
- "Mom, this is my friend, Alex."
- On the telephone:
- "Hello, this is Daniel calling."
- Referring to time:
- "This week is going to be very busy."
How to Use 'That' (Singular & Far)
Use 'that' to identify a specific singular noun that is farther away from you. This can mean physically farther, or more distant in time (in the past).
- Physical examples:
- "Can you see that sign down the road?"
- "I would like to buy that painting on the far wall."
- Referring to something someone said:
- "A promotion? That is wonderful news!"
- Referring to time:
- "I remember my first day of school. That was a long time ago."
What's the Difference Between 'These' and 'Those'? (Plural Demonstratives)
When you are talking about more than one item, you need to use the plural forms: 'these' and 'those'. Just like their singular counterparts, the only difference is distance.
How to Use 'These' (Plural & Near)
Use 'these' when referring to multiple items that are close to you.
- Examples:
- "These shoes feel very comfortable." (You are wearing or holding the shoes.)
- "Whose keys are these on the kitchen counter?"
- "You should review these documents before the meeting."
How to Use 'Those' (Plural & Far)
Use 'those' when referring to multiple items that are farther away from you.
- Examples:
- "Who are those people waiting across the street?"
- "I think I'll take those apples from the back of the display."
- "Those were the days!" (Referring to a time in the distant past.)
A Quick Reference Chart
Here is a simple chart to help you remember the rules:
| | Singular (One) | Plural (More Than One) | | :-------- | :------------- | :--------------------- | | Near | This | These | | Far | That | Those |
Mastering the difference between this, that, these, and those is a key step to sounding more fluent and natural in English. By remembering the simple rules of distance and number, you can choose the correct word every time. Keep practicing, and soon it will become second nature!
Frequently Asked Questions about This, That, These, and Those
What is the rule for 'this' vs 'these'?
The rule is about number. Use 'this' for one singular item that is close to you (e.g., "this pen"). Use 'these' for two or more plural items that are close to you (e.g., "these pens").
Can you use 'this' and 'that' for people?
Yes, you absolutely can. It's very common for introductions ("This is my colleague, Jane") or to identify someone at a distance ("Who is that person by the door?").
How do you use 'this' and 'that' on the phone?
On the phone, you use 'this' to identify yourself ("Hello, this is Sarah") and you often use 'that' to ask who you are speaking to ("Hi, is that Mark?"). This is a standard English telephone convention.
Are 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' pronouns or adjectives?
They can be both! They are called demonstrative pronouns when they stand alone and replace a noun (e.g., "Give me that."). They are called demonstrative adjectives (or determiners) when they come before a noun and modify it (e.g., "Give me that book.").
What's an easy way to remember 'that' vs 'those'?
An easy way to remember is that 'those' is simply the plural form of 'that'. Both are used for things that are far away. If you're pointing at one faraway thing, use 'that'. If you're pointing at more than one faraway thing, use 'those'.