The simple difference between 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' is based on two concepts: distance (near or far) and number (singular or plural). 'This' and 'these' refer to items close to you, while 'that' and 'those' refer to items farther away. 'This' and 'that' are for single items, and 'these' and 'those' are for multiple items.
Navigating the nuances of English grammar can feel tricky, but some rules are refreshingly straightforward. Understanding the difference between 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' is one of those fundamental skills that will instantly make your English sound more natural. These four words, known as demonstratives, act like pointers, helping you identify specific people or objects for your listener. Let's break down how to use them perfectly every time.
What is the Core Difference Between 'This', 'That', 'These', and 'Those'?
To master these words, you only need to ask yourself two questions:
- Is the object near me or far from me? (Distance)
- Am I talking about one object or multiple objects? (Number)
Here’s a simple chart to help you visualize the rule:
- Near to you (here):
- Singular (one item): This
- Plural (more than one item): These
- Far from you (there):
- Singular (one item): That
- Plural (more than one item): Those
These words can function as both demonstrative adjectives (which describe a noun) and demonstrative pronouns (which replace a noun). Don't worry, the rule of distance and number stays exactly the same.
How Do I Use 'This' and 'That' for Singular Items?
When you are referring to a single person, place, or thing, you'll use either 'this' or 'that'. The only deciding factor is proximity.
Using 'This' for Things Nearby
Use 'this' when the object is physically close to you, within reach, or in your immediate presence. It signals 'the one right here'.
- As an adjective: "I love this song playing on the radio."
- As a pronoun: "This is my favourite coffee mug."
- Introducing people: "Mom, this is my friend, Alex."
Using 'That' for Things Far Away
Use 'that' when the object is physically distant from you—across the room, down the street, or simply not right next to you. It signals 'the one over there'.
- As an adjective: "Do you see that bird on the telephone wire?"
- As a pronoun: "That looks like the car I used to own."
- Referring to something in the past: "We went to Paris in 2019. That was an amazing trip."
When Should I Use 'These' and 'Those' for Plural Items?
When you are referring to more than one person, place, or thing, you'll use either 'these' or 'those'. Again, the choice depends entirely on distance.
Using 'These' for Multiple Things Nearby
Use 'these' for multiple items that are close to you. It is the plural form of 'this'.
- As an adjective: "Please put these books on the shelf behind you."
- As a pronoun: "These are the freshest apples in the store."
- Asking for confirmation: "Are these your keys on the table?"
Using 'Those' for Multiple Things Far Away
Use 'those' for multiple items that are farther away from you. It is the plural form of 'that'.
- As an adjective: "I would like to buy two of those pastries in the display case."
- As a pronoun: "Those are the mountains I want to hike someday."
- Referring to groups: "Those who finish their work early may leave."
Beyond Physical Distance: Using Demonstratives for Time and Ideas
Another important difference between 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' is how they handle non-physical concepts like time or ideas in a conversation.
- Time: Use 'this' and 'these' for current or upcoming time periods ("This week has been so busy"). Use 'that' and 'those' for past time periods ("I miss the '90s; those were the days!").
- Ideas: Use 'this' to introduce a new idea or topic ("Listen to this—I have a plan."). Use 'that' to refer to an idea someone just mentioned ("A trip to the beach? That sounds wonderful.").
- On the Telephone: Use 'this' to identify yourself ("Hello, this is Michael.") and 'that' to ask for the identity of the other person ("Hello, is that Susan?").
By remembering the simple rules of distance and number, you can confidently use these essential English words. Mastering the difference between 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' will make your conversations clearer and more precise.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Can I use 'this' to talk about a person?
Yes, absolutely. It's very common to use 'this' when introducing someone. For example, you would say, "This is my colleague, Jane," while gesturing toward her.
Q2: What is the opposite of 'these'?
The opposite of 'these' is 'those'. 'These' refers to multiple items that are near you, while 'those' refers to multiple items that are far from you.
Q3: How do I know whether to use 'this' or 'that' on the phone?
A simple rule for phone calls is to use 'this' when you are talking about yourself ("Hello, this is Sarah speaking.") and 'that' when you are asking who the other person is ("Hi, is that David?").
Q4: Is it correct to say 'this people' or 'these people'?
The correct phrase is 'these people'. Because the noun 'people' is plural (referring to more than one person), you must use the plural demonstrative 'these'.
Q5: Can 'that' be used to show dislike or emotional distance?
Yes, sometimes 'that' or 'those' can imply emotional distance or disapproval. For instance, saying "I can't believe you are friends with *that* guy" suggests you don't like the person, creating distance with your words.