This vs. That: What's the Difference Between 'This,' 'That,' 'These,' and 'Those'?

The main difference between 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' and 'those' is based on two simple concepts: distance (is it near or far?) and number (is it singular or plural?). We use 'this' (singular) and 'these' (plural) for things that are close to us, and 'that' (singular) and 'those' (plural) for things that are farther away.

Mastering these four common words, known as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives, can instantly make your English sound more natural. Let's break down the rules so you can use them with confidence. Understanding the difference between 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' and 'those' is easier than you think!

What Are the Key Rules for Using This, That, These, and Those?

To choose the correct word, you only need to ask yourself two questions:

How many things am I talking about? (Number: one or more than one?)
Where are these things? (Distance: here or there?)

Here’s a simple chart to help you visualize the rule:

Think of it this way: if you can touch it or it's very close to you, you'll probably use 'this' or 'these'. If you have to point at it because it's at a distance, you'll use 'that' or 'those'.

When Should I Use 'This' vs. 'That' (Singular)?

Let's look at the singular forms. Both 'this' and 'that' refer to a single person, place, or thing.

H3: Using 'This' for Things Close By

Use 'this' for a singular item that is physically near you. This can mean in your hand, on your desk, or in the same room.

This book in my hand is very interesting.
Is this your pen on the table?
I love this song that's playing right now.

H3: Using 'That' for Things at a Distance

Use 'that' for a singular item that is farther away from you. It’s something you would likely point to.

Can you see that bird on the roof?
I'd like to buy that painting on the wall across the room.
That car driving by is very loud.

H3: How Distance Works for Time and Ideas

The concept of 'near' and 'far' also applies to time and abstract ideas.

This refers to something happening now, in the near future, or a current idea. ("This afternoon is going to be busy." or "This is a great idea.")
That often refers to something in the past or a completed event. ("That was a fun party last night." or "I heard what you said. That makes sense.")

How Do I Choose Between 'These' and 'Those' (Plural)?

The same rules of distance apply when you are talking about more than one item. This is where 'these' and 'those' come in.

H3: Using 'These' for Multiple Items Nearby

Use 'these' for plural items that are close to you.

These shoes on my feet are very comfortable.
Whose keys are these on the counter?
You should read these articles I printed for you.

H3: Using 'Those' for Multiple Items Far Away

Use 'those' when referring to plural items that are at a distance.

Those mountains in the distance are beautiful.
Who are those people waiting across the street?
I don't like those movies; I prefer the ones we watched last week.

Understanding the Difference Between This, That, These, and Those: A Summary

Let's put it all together. To become an expert, just remember these core pairings. Here is a numbered list to make it clear:

This: One item, here. -> *Please take this cup.* (The cup is near you).
That: One item, there. -> *Can you pass me that cup?* (The cup is farther away).
These: Multiple items, here. -> *Please take these cups.* (The cups are near you).
Those: Multiple items, there. -> *Can you pass me those cups?* (The cups are farther away).

Conclusion

As you can see, the difference between 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' and 'those' isn't so complicated. It all comes down to number and distance. By practicing with the examples above and trying to create your own sentences, you’ll start using these essential English words correctly and automatically. Keep practicing, and soon it will feel completely natural!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Can you use 'this' or 'that' to talk about ideas?

Yes, absolutely! We use 'this' to introduce a new idea or something we are about to say. For example: "Listen to this: I think we should leave early." We use 'that' to refer back to an idea someone just mentioned. For example: "Leave early? That's a brilliant idea!"

Q2: Are 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' and 'those' pronouns or adjectives?

They can be both! They are demonstrative adjectives when they come before a noun (e.g., "This book is mine."). They are demonstrative pronouns when they stand alone and replace a noun (e.g., "This is mine."). The rules of distance and number remain the same for both uses.

Q3: How do you use 'this' and 'that' on the phone?

This is a special case. When you introduce yourself on the phone, you use 'this' (e.g., "Hello, this is Sarah."). When you ask who is calling, you use 'that' (e.g., "Hello, who is that speaking?").

Q4: Is it 'this people' or 'these people'?

The correct phrase is 'these people.' Because 'people' is a plural noun, you must use the plural demonstrative 'these' (for people who are close) or 'those' (for people who are farther away). You would never use the singular 'this' or 'that' with the plural noun 'people.'